Electrochemical cell

Aim- to measure the voltage created in an electrochemical (galvanic) cell.

equipment- 2x 250 mL beakers, U-tube (or filter paper), voltmeter, 2x wires with alligator clips, Mg and Cu electrodes, sandpaper, 1.00 mol l -1 solution of Mg (no3)  and CuSO 0.100 mol L-1 KNO solution, electronic scales.
Dangerous chemicals we used

• zinc nitrate solution
• copper nitrate
• potassium nitrate

method- 

1. use sandpaper to remove any oxide coating on the Zn and Cu electrodes. weigh and record the mass of each electrode.
2. set up a galvanic cell as shown in the diagram below. if you do not have a u-tube, soak filter paper in solution KNO<sub>3 to act as a salt bridge.
3. record the voltage displayed on the voltmeter
4.replace the voltmeter with a wire to complete the circuit
5.leave for 10 minutes and then record observations. carefully extract each electrode from the beakers and after drying them, measure and record their mass.</sub>

results- 

discussion *sorry if this is wrong this is my understanding* -

we should have got 1.101 volts (because zinc voltage is 0.72 and the copper voltage is 0.34), but we got  0.883, why?  there are multiple reasons. a couple reasons could be the coating on the metal, the salt bridge, or the acid or base concentration can all cause a change of voltage. the reason why zinc loses electrons is because the zinc is more reactive than the copper. which means the copper must gain electrons because electrons do not just disappear.  the salt bridge was a solution of potassium nitrate (K⁺NO⁻₃). why was the salt bridge there? well the salt bridge is there because since the zinc is losing and the copper is gaining it needs to be made equal. The electrons of the zinc is going to the copper. the copper needs to be levelled out because the copper just has a negative charge. the salt bridge a mix of positive and negative.  the potassium positive goes into the zinc because it lost and the other part of the potassium nitrate is going into the copper.

Leo the lion goes ger, what does this mean? Leo stands for lose electrons oxidation. Ger stands for gain electrons reduction.

evaluation- 

if I could do the experiment again I definitely would. if I could change anything I would make sure I had fewer chemical in the beaker because it made it a bit hard to put the solution back into the container. I wouldn't change who I worked with at all. 

Then theirs change. *pun not intended*

Aim- To turn copper into silver and gold

Equipment-

• Two small beakers (50mL and 250 mL)
• bunsen burner
• tweezers
• Zinc sulfate 100g
• Zinc metal, grandular 100g
• glass stir rod
• tap water
• Copper pennies, well cleaned 

Method-

1. fill the small 50 mL beaker 3/4 full tap water. this is your rising beaker. set aside
2. dissolve 30 grams of zinc sulfate in 100mL of water in the 250mL beaker. a little heat from setting on the bunsen burner will hasten this dissolve.
3. place mossy zinc pieces in the beaker with the zinc sulfate solution, enough pieces to almost cover beaker bottom 
4. using tweezers, place two or three cleaned up pennies in step three beaker making sure pennies touch the grandular zinc pieces and are not touching each other 
5. bring the solution to a low boil for about 10 minutes. your pennies will slowly turn a silver colour.
6. using tweezers, carefully remove the pennies from the solution, rinse and cool them in small wash beaker then dry them on a paper towel.
7. Boom! ✨magically✨  you have  you have coloured pennies (coins)

https://www.sciencecompany.com/Turn-Copper-Pennies-Into-Silver-and-Gold-Pennies.aspx

Results-

Discussion-
a coin *a ten cent* is dipped into zinc sulfate and in contact with the zinc, the coin starts its change. the coin is plated with zinc and appears silver to the human eye. the coin that looks silver because of the zinc is placed above the bunsen burner flame for about half a minute (30 seconds) and then it should appear gold to the eye. the zinc and copper form an alloy of brass. the coin now appears gold.

Evaluation-
if I were to this whole experiment again I would definitely not use the actual metal I would use the zinc powder. when we use the zinc metal it takes way too long to actually put the plating onto the coin. but when we added the zinc powder it went 10x faster than it was.

filtration- seperating mixures

aim-to separate a solution from a predicate.

equipment

• lead nitrate 
• potassium iodide 
• conical flask 
• stirring rod 
• 250ml beaker 
• funnel 
• filter paper 

method:
1. pour Approximately 10 ml of the potassium iodite solution into the beaker
2. add the same volume of the lead || nitrate.
3.your teacher will show you  how to fold the  filter paper so it fits inside your funnel.
4. place the funnel, with the filter paper inside it, into the mouth of a conical flask.
5.stir, then carefully pour the precipitate mixture into the funnel.

observations : when i was watching the chemicals go together it turned into a yellow colour. then when we filtered it (got rid of all the liquid)  stuck to the filter paper was a yellow pastey resadue . when I felt it (i wasn't suppose to but I did) it felt like cornstarch a bit. the cornstarch resadue was rude

Save the whales

Saving the whales

Why do we need to protect them?

What is the cause of the population decreasing in number?

What is being done to help them?

how is successful is this help?

 

habitat: they live in the ocean.

food: schooling squid, krill, crab larvae, herring eggs, ghost shrimp, and small bait fish such as capelin. They also eat plankton

breeding: before whales breed they travel several thousand miles. 

facts

The biggest whale in the whole world is the blue whale. The blue whale's heart is the size of BMW and it is 450kgs 

• The blue whale is the largest living animal on this planet and can grow to be over 90 ft. and weigh 150 tons or more.
• The dwarf sperm whale is smallest of the whale species and can grow up to 9 ft. in length and weigh up to 600 pounds.
• The sperm whale is the largest of the toothed whale suborder and can grow as long as 65 ft. and weigh over 62 short tons.
• Baird’s beaked whale in comparison is the second largest of the toothed whale suborder and can grow to a length of 42 ft. and weigh around 15 tons.
• killer whale aka Orca is actually a dolphin. In fact, the killer whale happens to be the largest of the dolphin species (hence the name whale) and can grow to be larger than 25 ft. long and weigh over 6 tons.
• Maui’s dolphin is considered the smallest marine mammal in the dolphin family as it can measure 4 – 6 ft. long and weigh between 95 – 115 lbs.

Whales

• Whales live in the sea
• sperm whales they like waters that are ice-free and 3000 deep. 
• They mostly eat squids and octopus's
• threats commercial protest against whales/ also illegal in 1986
• they are mammals 
• sperm whales oil gets taken
• sperm whales tongue is the same as an elephant 
• whales get sunburn
• humans killed 28 million whales in a century
• whales largest tooth predator 

Implode

1.First the  bottle was just a normal milk bottle and it was empty

2.Then the bottle got filled with some hot water and was very hot.

3.After that the teacher tipped out the hot water and put cold water on it.

hot water emptied.lid on. Cool under cold water.bottle collapsed. Force acting on outside of bottle is greater than force acting inside.